Emkhakheni wengqalasizinda kagesi, i-Cable PVC yaziwa kabanzi njengento ekhethwayo yokuvikela nokuvikela. Ukuthandwa kwayo kuvela ezinzuzweni eziningi ezingokwemvelo, okuhlanganisa izakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zokuvikela ugesi, ukubambezeleka komlilo, ukumelana namakhemikhali, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko. Kodwa-ke, le polymer eguquguqukayo inomkhawulo obalulekile: isengozini yokubola kokushisa uma ivezwa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu okucubungula i-extrusion (ngokuvamile kusukela ku-170–180 °C) kanye nokucindezeleka kokusebenza kwesikhathi eside.
Yilapho-keIziqinisi ze-PVCngobaIzintambo Nezintambongena njengezingxenye ezibalulekile. Lezi zithasiselo zifeza izinhloso ezimbili: azigcini nje ngokuvimbela ukukhishwa kwe-hydrogen chloride (HCl) ngesikhathi sokucubungula kodwa futhi zivikela i-Cable PVC ekugugeni, elangeni, nasekugugulekeni kwemvelo. Ngokwenza kanjalo, ziqinisekisa ukuthembeka nokuphila isikhathi eside kwezintambo zikagesi, okuyizindlela zokusiza ezinika amandla izakhiwo zokuhlala, izikhungo zezimboni, kanye namaphrojekthi wamandla avuselelekayo ngokufanayo.
Ukuvela Kwezinto Eziqinisa I-PVC Eziqhutshwa Yimithetho Yezemvelo
Ukubaluleka kweziqinisi ze-PVC ezintanjeni zikagesi kudlulela ngale nje kokuvikelwa kokushisa. Ekusetshenzisweni kukagesi, ngisho nokuwohloka okuncane kwe-Cable PVC kungaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu, njengokuwohloka kokushisa, ama-short circuits, noma ngisho nezingozi zomlilo. Njengoba imithethonqubo yezemvelo yomhlaba wonke iba nzima kakhulu, isimo sendawoIziqinisi ze-PVC zezintambo namakhebulaishintshe kakhulu. Imboni iyashintsha kusuka ekwakhiweni okunobuthi kwendabuko iye kwezinye izindlela ezinobungani nemvelo ezilinganisa ukusebenza, ukuphepha, kanye nokuhambisana nemithetho.
Izinhlaka ezibalulekile zomthetho zibe negalelo elikhulu kulolu shintsho. Umthethonqubo we-REACH we-European Union, Uhlelo lwe-14 lweminyaka emihlanu lwaseShayina lwemboni yokucubungula ipulasitiki, kanye nezindinganiso zesifunda ezifana ne-AS/NZS 3,808 konke kusheshise ukususwa kweziqinisi ezisekelwe ku-lead kanye ne-cadmium. Lokhu kuphoqe abakhiqizi ukuthi batshale imali futhi basebenzise izixazululo eziluhlaza nezizinzile.
Izinhlobo Ezijwayelekile Nezivelayo Ze-PVC Stabilizer
•Iziqinisi Ezihlanganisiwe zeCalcium-Zinc (Ca/Zn)
Iziqinisi ezihlanganisiwe ze-calcium-zinc (Ca/Zn)Kuvele njengenketho eyinhloko enobungani nemvelo yezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Cable PVC, ebiza u-42% wamandla okukhiqiza emhlabeni wonke ngo-2025. Ukwamukelwa kwazo kabanzi kungenxa yokungabi nobuthi, ukuhambisana nezindinganiso zokuphepha kokudla kanye nokuphepha kukagesi, kanye nendlela yokusebenza eyingqayizivele yokusebenzisana.
Insipho ye-zincukuvimbela ukushintsha kombala kokuqala ngokuphendula nge-allyl chloride kumaketanga e-PVC, kuyilapho insipho ye-calcium imunca imikhiqizo ye-zinc chloride ukuze kuvinjelwe ukukhishwa kwe-HCl e-catalytic. Lokhu kuhlangana kuthuthukiswa kakhulu yi-co-stabilizers njenge-polyols kanye ne-β-diketones, okuletha ukuzinza kwazo kokushisa eduze nosawoti wendabuko we-lead.
Kodwa-ke, izinhlelo ze-Ca/Zn azinazo izinkinga. Zidinga isilinganiso esiphindwe ka-1.5 kuya ku-2 sosawoti we-lead futhi zivame ukuqhakaza—isici sobuso esingalimaza ukusebenza kwe-Cable PVC. Ngenhlanhla, intuthuko yakamuva ekuguqulweni kwe-nano, kusetshenziswa izinto ezifana ne-graphene ne-nano-silica, inciphise ngempumelelo lezi zinkinga. Lezi zinto ezintsha zandise ukuzinza kokushisa kwe-Iziqinisi ze-Ca/Znkufinyelele ku-90% wamazinga kasawoti we-lead kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka okuthuthukisiwe ngokuphindwe kathathu.
•Iziqinisi ze-Organotin
Iziqinisi ze-Organotin zigcina indawo ebalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kwe-Cable PVC efunwa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi lapho kudingeka khona ukucaca kanye nokumelana nokushisa okukhulu. Izinhlanganisela ezifana ne-dioctyl tin maleate kanye ne-tin mercaptoacetate zisebenza kahle ekushintsheni ama-athomu e-chlorine angazinzile emaketangeni e-PVC ngokusebenzisa ukubopha kwe-athomu yesulfure, okucindezela ngempumelelo ukwakheka kwama-polyene ahlanganisiwe abangela ukushintsha kombala.
Ukuhambisana kwazo okuhle kakhulu ne-Cable PVC kunikeza ukucaca okumangalisayo, okwenza zibe zilungele izintambo zezokwelapha, ukuvikela okusobala, kanye nezingxenye zikagesi ezinembe kakhulu. Zivunyelwe yi-US FDA ukuze zisetshenziswe ekuthinteni ukudla futhi zihambisana nezindinganiso eziqinile ze-EU, iziqinisi ze-organotin zinikeza ukucutshungulwa okungenakuqhathaniswa ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo ezinzima.
Nokho, izinzuzo ezinkulu yizindleko kanye nokugcoba. Ama-Organotin stabilizers abiza kakhulu ngokuphindwe kathathu kuya kahlanu kunezinhlelo ze-Ca/Zn, futhi ukugcoba kwawo okungekuhle kudinga ukuhlanganiswa nensipho yensimbi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokukhipha.
•Iziqinisi Zomhlaba Ezingavamile
Ama-Rare earth stabilizers, okuwukusungula izinto okusha okuholwa yiShayina, abe yinto eshintsha kakhulu emakethe ye-Cable PVC ephakathi kuya kwephezulu. Ngokusekelwe ku-lanthanum stearate kanye ne-cerium citrate, la ma-stabilizer asebenzisa ama-orbital angenalutho ezinto ezingavamile zomhlaba ukuze ahambisane nama-athomu e-chlorine kumaketanga e-PVC, avimbele ukukhishwa kwe-HCl futhi abambe ama-free radicals.
Uma zihlanganiswa nezinhlelo ze-Ca/Zn noma uwoyela wesoya ofakwe i-epoxidized, ukuzinza kwazo kokushisa kuthuthuka ngaphezu kuka-30%, okusebenza kahle kakhulu kunezinsipho zensimbi zendabuko ezisetshenziswa isikhathi eside. Nakuba zibiza kakhulu ngo-15-20% kuneziqinisi ze-Ca/Zn, ziqeda izingozi zokungcola kwesibabule futhi zivumelane nemigomo yokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni. Lokhu kuzenza zibe ukukhetha okuthandwayo kwezintambo zamandla avuselelekayo (isb., i-photovoltaic kanye namandla omoya) kanye nezintambo zezimoto.
Njengoba iqhutshwa ukubusa kweShayina ezinsizeni zomhlaba ezingavamile kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okuqhubekayo kwe-R&D, kulindeleke ukuthi iziqinisi zomhlaba ezingavamile zibambe u-12% wemakethe yomhlaba wonke yama-PVC Stabilizers ezintambo namakhebula ngo-2025.
Ukuqhathaniswa Kokusebenza Kweziqinisi Ezivamile Ze-PVC
Ukusebenza kwama-PVC Stabilizers ezintambo namakhebula kuthinta ngqo izakhiwo zobuchwepheshe ze-Cable PVC, njengoba kuchazwe yizindinganiso zomhlaba wonke njenge-AS/NZS 3808 kanye ne-IEC 60811. Ithebula elilandelayo liqhathanisa izilinganiso zokusebenza ezibalulekile zezinhlobo ezivamile ze-stabilizer ekufakweni kwe-Cable PVC kanye nezicelo ze-sheathing, okunikeza inkomba esebenzayo yabakhiqizi:
| Uhlobo Lokuzinzisa | Ukuzinza Kokushisa (200°C, ubuncane) | Ukumelana Nomthamo (Ω·cm) | Ukugcinwa Kokuguga (Amandla Okuqina, %) | Izindleko ezihambisana ne-Ca/Zn | Izinhlelo Zokusebenza Eziyinhloko |
| I-Calcium-Zinc Composite | ≥100 | ≥10¹³ | ≥75 | 1.0x | Izintambo zenhloso ejwayelekile, izintambo zokwakha |
| I-Organotin | ≥150 | ≥10¹⁴ | ≥85 | 3.0–5.0x | Izintambo zezokwelapha, ukuvikela okubonakalayo |
| Umhlaba Ongavamile | ≥130 | ≥10¹³ | ≥80 | 1.15–1.20x | Amandla avuselelekayo, izintambo zezimoto |
| Usawoti Oholayo (Oqediwe) | ≥120 | ≥10¹³ | ≥78 | 0.6x | Izintambo zezimboni ezindala (ezivinjelwe e-EU/eShayina) |
Ukuthobela Imithetho Yeziqinisi ze-PVC
Ngale kokusebenza okubonakalayo, ukuhambisana nemithethonqubo yezemvelo eshintshayo kuyisici sokwenziwa noma ukususwa kwabakhiqizi be-PVC Stabilizers yezintambo namakhebula. Isichibiyelo se-REACH sika-2025 (EU 2025/1731) sengeze izinto ezingu-16 ze-CMR (Carcinogenic, Mutagenic, Reprotoxic) ohlwini lwazo lwemikhawulo, kufaka phakathi i-dibutyltin oxide—evame ukusetshenziswa kuma-Cable PVC stabilizers—ngomkhawulo wokuhlushwa ongu-0.3%.
Lokhu kuphoqe abakhiqizi ukuthi bacabange kabusha ngemikhiqizo yabo. Izinto eziqinile ze-Ca/Zn ezikhipha ukungcola okuncane kanye noketshezi olungenazo i-phenol ziyathandwa ezimakethe zaseYurophu ukuze zihlangabezane nezidingo ze-VOC kanye nekhwalithi yomoya. Kwabathumela kwamanye amazwe, ikakhulukazi labo abavela eShayina, ukuhamba ngohlaka lokulawula oluthathu lwe-"REACH+RoHS+Eco-Design" sekuyinto ebalulekile. Lokhu kudinga ukulandelelwa kochungechunge lokuphakelwa kusukela ekuqaleni kuya ekugcineni kanye nokuhlolwa komuntu wesithathu ukuqinisekisa ukulandelwa kwe-Cable PVC.
Ngezansi kunezixazululo eziqondiwe ezinseleleni ezivamile ezitholakala ekusetshenzisweni kweziqinisi ze-PVC, ezisiza ekuthuthukiseni ukuzinza nokusebenza kwezintambo nezintambo.
Umbuzo 1: Ekukhiqizweni kwezintambo zokwakha ezisetshenziswa kabanzi kanye nezintambo (isigaba esibalulekile ezinhlelweni zikagesi), izinkinga zokuqhakaza zivame ukwenzeka ngeziqinisi ezihlanganisiwe ze-Ca/Zn. Ungaxazulula kanjani ngempumelelo le nkinga ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka komkhiqizo?
A1: Ukuqhakaza kweziqinisi ezihlanganisiwe ze-Ca/Zn kwehlisa ikhwalithi yobuso kanye nokuthembeka kwesikhathi eside kwezintambo zokwakha nezintambo. Lokhu kubangelwa kakhulu umthamo ongafanele noma ukuhambisana okubi nezinye izithako. Ukuze kulungiswe lokhu futhi kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuzinzile kwezintambo zesistimu kagesi, izinyathelo ezilandelayo zingathathwa: Okokuqala, lungiselela umthamo wokuqiniswa. Ngokusekelwe kufomula yokukhiqiza yangempela, nciphisa umthamo ngokufanele ngaphakathi kobubanzi bokuzinzisa obusebenzayo (gwema ukudlula kabili umthamo wosawoti we-lead) ukuze uvimbele ukweqisa kwengxenye kanye nokufuduka. Okwesibili, khetha iziqinisi ze-Ca/Zn eziguqulwe nge-nano. Imikhiqizo eguqulwe nge-graphene noma i-nano-silica ingathuthukisa kakhulu ukuhambisana nama-matrices e-PVC, inciphise ukufuduka kobuso bezingxenye ze-stabilizer, futhi ithuthukise ukuthembeka okuphelele kwezintambo. Okwesithathu, lungisa isilinganiso se-co-stabilizer. Khulisa ngokufanele ukungezwa kwama-polyol noma ama-β-diketones ukuze uqinise umphumela wokubambisana neziqinisi ze-Ca/Zn, uvimbele ukufuduka kwengxenye, futhi uthuthukise ukuzinza kokushisa. Okokugcina, lawula amapharamitha okucubungula. Gwema amazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu okukhipha (kunconywa ukuthi abe ngaphakathi kuka-170–180 °C) futhi uqinisekise ukuthi uhlanganisa izinto ezifanayo ukuze uvimbele ukunqwabelana kwendawo kweziqinisi, okungaholela ekuqhakazeni nasekusebenzeni kwekhebula.
Umbuzo 2: Ngezintambo zezokwelapha ezisebenza kahle kakhulu kanye nezintambo (ezisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zikagesi zezokwelapha) ezidinga ukucaca, ama-organotin stabilizer avame ukukhethwa, kodwa izindleko zokukhiqiza ziphezulu kakhulu. Ingabe ikhona enye indlela engabizi kakhulu egcina ukuthembeka?
A2: Izithambisi ze-Organotin zikhethwa kakhulu ezintanjeni zezokwelapha ezisobala kanye nezintambo ngenxa yokucaca kwazo okuhle kakhulu kanye nokuzinza kokushisa, okubalulekile ekuthembekeni kohlelo lukagesi lwezokwelapha. Ukuze kulinganiswe izindleko kanye nokusebenza, kungasetshenziswa lezi zinhlelo ezilandelayo ezingabizi: Okokuqala, thatha ifomula ehlanganisiwe. Ngaphansi kwesisekelo sokuqinisekisa ukucaca, ukuzinza kokushisa, kanye nokuhambisana kwezinto eziphilayo (ukhiye wokusetshenziswa kukagesi kwezokwelapha), hlanganisa izithambisi ze-organotin nenani elincane lezithambisi ze-Ca/Zn ezisezingeni eliphezulu ngesilinganiso esinconywayo esingu-7:3 noma 8:2. Lokhu kunciphisa izindleko eziphelele ngenkathi kugcinwa ukusebenza okuyinhloko okudingekayo ezintanjeni zezokwelapha. Okwesibili, khetha imikhiqizo ye-organotin ehlanzekile kakhulu, esebenza kahle kakhulu. Nakuba intengo yayo yeyunithi iphakeme kancane, umthamo odingekayo uphansi, okuholela ezindleleni ezibanzi ezingabizi kakhulu kanye nokusebenza okuzinzile kwezintambo zesistimu kagesi. Okwesithathu, thuthukisa ukuphathwa kweketanga lokuhlinzekwa. Xoxa nabaphakeli ngezaphulelo zokuthenga ngobuningi, noma ubambisane nezikhungo ze-R&D ukuthuthukisa ama-organotin derivatives enziwe ngokwezifiso aphansi ahlangabezana nezindinganiso zikagesi zezokwelapha. Kubalulekile ukwenza izivivinyo zokusebenza eziqinile (ukucaca, ukuzinza kokushisa, ukuhambisana kwezinto eziphilayo) lapho ushintsha noma uxuba iziqinisi ukuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nemininingwane yekhebula lezokwelapha nokugcina ukuthembeka kohlelo lukagesi.
Umbuzo 3: Lapho ukhiqiza izintambo zamandla avuselelekayo kanye nezintambo (zezinhlelo zikagesi zamandla amasha), ungaqinisekisa kanjani ukuthi iziqinisi zomhlaba ezingavamile ezikhethiwe ziyahlangabezana nezidingo zokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni kanye nokuzinza kokushisa kwesikhathi eside ukuze kusekelwe ukusebenza okuthembekile?
A3: Izintambo zamandla avuselelekayo kanye nezintambo zisebenza ezindaweni ezinzima (izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, umswakama, imisebe ye-ultraviolet), ngakho-ke iziqinisi zomhlaba ezingavamile kumele zilinganisele ukungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni kanye nokuzinza kokushisa kwesikhathi eside ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kohlelo lukagesi. Kunconywa izinyathelo ezilandelayo: Okokuqala, khetha iziqinisi zomhlaba ezingavamile ezinobungani nemvelo. Beka phambili imikhiqizo esekelwe ku-lanthanum stearate noma i-cerium citrate evela kubakhiqizi abasemthethweni abanezitifiketi zemvelo ezifanele (isb., ukuhambisana nezindinganiso zokukhishwa kwekhabhoni ze-EU). Qinisekisa ukuthi imikhiqizo ayinaso isibabule ukuze ugweme ukungcoliswa kwesibabule futhi uvumelane nemigomo yokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni. Okwesibili, thatha ifomula ehlanganisiwe ngowoyela wesoya ophehliwe nge-epoxidized. Isilinganiso se-compound esingu-1:0.5–1:1 singathuthukisa ukuzinza kokushisa ngaphezu kuka-30%, sithuthukise ukusebenza kwemvelo, futhi sandise impilo yesevisi yezintambo ezinhlelweni zikagesi zamandla avuselelekayo. Okwesithathu, yenza izivivinyo eziqinile zokuguga kwesikhathi eside. Lingisa indawo yokusebenza yangempela yezintambo zamandla avuselelekayo (izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, umswakama, imisebe ye-UV) ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinga lokugcina amandla okudonseka ngemva kokuguga alingaphansi kuka-80%, lihlangabezana nezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke njenge-IEC 60811. Okokugcina, sebenzisa ukulandeleka kwezinto zokusetshenziswa. Khetha iziqinisi zomhlaba ezingavamile ezinezinto zokusetshenziswa ezivela emabhizinisini okumba nokucubungula okungenabungozi emvelweni, uqinisekise ukuthi lonke uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka luhambisana nezidingo zokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni ngenkathi lugcina ukuthembeka kwekhebula.
Umbuzo 4: Uma uthumela izintambo nezintambo ze-PVC emakethe yaseYurophu, ungaqinisekisa kanjani ukuthi iziqinisi ezisetshenzisiwe ziyahambisana nesichibiyelo se-REACH sika-2025 (EU 2025/1731) futhi zilondoloze ukuthembeka kwezinhlelo zokusebenza zikagesi?
A4: Ukuthobela isichibiyelo se-REACH sika-2025 kuyimfuneko yokuthumela izintambo nezintambo ze-PVC eYurophu, futhi kuhlobene ngqo nokuphepha nokuthembeka kwezintambo ezinhlelweni zikagesi zaseYurophu. Izinyathelo ezilandelayo kufanele zithathwe: Okokuqala, ukwenza ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwezakhi zokuzinzisa. Qinisekisa ukuthi okuqukethwe kwezinto ezingu-16 ze-CMR ezingeziwe (njenge-dibutyltin oxide) akudluli ku-0.3%. Kunconywa ukukhetha iziqinisi eziqinile ze-Ca/Zn ezikhipha ukungcola okuphansi noma iziqinisi ezingenalutho ze-phenol ezidlulile isitifiketi se-REACH, ezinganciphisa ngempumelelo izingozi zokuthobela imithetho. Okwesibili, sungula uhlelo oluphelele lokulandelela uchungechunge lokuhlinzekwa. Funa abahlinzeki ukuthi banikeze imibiko yokuhlola yokuzinzisa (isb., ukutholwa kwezinto ze-CMR ezivela eceleni) kanye nezitifiketi zomthombo wezinto zokusetshenziswa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi yonke isixhumanisi ihlangabezana nezidingo zomthetho futhi isekela ukuthembeka kwezintambo zesistimu kagesi. Okwesithathu, yenza ukuhlolwa kokuthobela imithetho ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Thumela imikhiqizo yekhebula eqediwe ezikhungweni zokuhlola eziqashelwa yi-EU ukuze kuhlolwe izinto ze-CMR, ukukhishwa kwe-VOC, nezinye izinkomba ezibalulekile, uqinisekise ukuthobela imithetho ngokugcwele ngaphambi kokuqaliswa. Okokugcina, landelela izibuyekezo zomthetho. Qapha ngesikhathi izinguquko eziguquguqukayo ku-REACH kanye neminye imithethonqubo ehlobene, futhi ulungise ukwakheka kwe-stabilizer kanye nokuphathwa kwe-supply chain ngokushesha ukuze ugweme izingozi zomthetho futhi ugcine ukusebenza kwezintambo ezinhlelweni zikagesi zaseYurophu.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Feb-02-2026