Izithambisi Zensipho Zensimbi: Lungisa Ubuhlungu Bokukhiqiza I-PVC Nezindleko Zokunqunywa

NgobaAbakhiqizi be-PVC, ukulinganisela ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza, ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo, kanye nokulawula izindleko kuvame ukuzwakala njengokuhamba ngentambo eqinile—ikakhulukazi uma kukhulunywa ngeziqinisi. Nakuba iziqinisi ezinobuthi zensimbi enamandla (isb., usawoti we-lead) zishibhile, zibeka engcupheni yokuvinjelwa komthetho kanye namaphutha ekhwalithi. Izinketho zeprimiyamu njenge-organotin zisebenza kahle kodwa ziphula ibhange. Ngena ngemvume.izinto zokuqinisa insipho yensimbi—indawo ephakathi nendawo exazulula izinkinga zokukhiqiza ezibalulekile futhi igcine izindleko zilawulwa.

Njengoba zithathwe kuma-fatty acid (isb., i-stearic acid) kanye nezinsimbi ezifana ne-calcium, i-zinc, i-barium, noma i-magnesium, lezi ziqinisi ziyakwazi ukushintshashintsha, zinobungani nemvelo, futhi zenzelwe izindawo ezivame kakhulu zobuhlungu ze-PVC. Ake sibheke ukuthi zilungisa kanjani izinkinga zokukhiqiza futhi zinciphise izindleko—ngezinyathelo ezingasetshenziswa embonini yakho.

Ingxenye 1: Izithambisi Zensipho Yensimbi Zixazulula Lezi Zinkinga Ezi-5 Ezibalulekile Zokukhiqiza

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-PVC kuyahluleka lapho izinto eziqinisayo zingakwazi ukuhambisana nokushisa kokucubungula, izidingo zokuhambisana, noma imithetho yokulawula. Insipho yensimbi ibhekana nalezi zinkinga ngqo, ngezingxube zensimbi ezahlukene ezihlose izindawo ezithile zobuhlungu.

Inkinga 1:"I-PVC yethu iyaphuka noma iyaqhekeka ngesikhathi sokucubungula ukushisa okuphezulu"

Ukuwohloka kokushisa (ngaphezu kuka-160°C) kuyisitha esikhulu se-PVC—ikakhulukazi ekukhipheni (amapayipi, amaphrofayili) noma ekufakweni kwekhalenda (isikhumba sokwenziwa, amafilimu). Izithambisi zendabuko zensimbi eyodwa (isb. insipho ye-zinc emsulwa) zivame ukushisa ngokweqile, okubangela “ukusha kwe-zinc” (amabala amnyama) noma ukuphuka.

Isixazululo: Izingxube Zensipho zeCalcium-Zinc (Ca-Zn)
Insipho yensimbi ye-Ca-Znziyindinganiso yegolide yokuzinza kokushisa ngaphandle kwezinsimbi ezisindayo. Nasi isizathu sokuthi zisebenza:

• I-calcium isebenza “njengesivikelo sokushisa,” inciphisa i-PVC dehydrochlorination (imbangela eyinhloko yokuphuzi).

• I-Zinc iqeda i-hydrochloric acid (HCl) eyingozi ekhishwa ngesikhathi sokushisa.

• Uma zixutshwe kahle, zimelana nokushisa okungu-180–210°C imizuzu engaphezu kuka-40—zilungele i-PVC eqinile (amaphrofayili efasitela) kanye ne-PVC ethambile (phansi kwe-vinyl).

Icebiso Eliwusizo:Ngezinqubo zokushisa okuphezulu (isb., ukukhishwa kwamapayipi e-PVC), engeza u-0.5–1%i-calcium stearate+ 0.3–0.8%i-zinc stearate(isisindo esingu-1–1.5% se-resin ye-PVC). Lokhu kwehlula ukusebenza kokushisa kosawoti we-lead futhi kugwema ubuthi.

Inkinga 2:"I-PVC yethu ayihambi kahle—sithola amabhamuza omoya noma ukujiya okungalingani"

I-PVC idinga ukugeleza okubushelelezi ngesikhathi sokubumba noma ukugqoka ukuze kugwenywe amaphutha afana nemigodi noma igeyiji engaguquki. Iziqinisi ezishibhile (isb. insipho ye-magnesium eyisisekelo) zivame ukuqinisa ukuncibilika, okuphazamisa ukucubungula.

Isixazululo: Izingxube Zensipho zeBarium-Zinc (Ba-Zn)
Insimbi ye-Ba-Znizinsipho ziphumelela kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ukugeleza kokuncibilika ngoba:

• I-Barium inciphisa ukuncibilika, ivumela i-PVC ukuthi isakazeke ngokulinganayo ezikhumbeni noma kumakhalenda.

• I-Zinc iqinisa ukuzinza kokushisa, ngakho-ke ukugeleza okuthuthukisiwe akuzi ngezindleko zokuwohloka.

Okuhle Kakhulu Ku:Ukusetshenziswa kwe-PVC ethambile njengepayipi eliguquguqukayo, ukuvikela ikhebula, noma isikhumba sokwenziwa. Ingxube ye-Ba-Zn (1–2% yesisindo se-resin) inciphisa amabhamuza omoya ngo-30–40% uma kuqhathaniswa nensipho ye-magnesium.

Ukukhwabanisa Okungochwepheshe:Hlanganisa ne-wax ye-polyethylene engu-0.2–0.5% ukuze uthuthukise ukugeleza kwamanzi—asikho isidingo sezinto ezibizayo zokuguqula ukugeleza kwamanzi.

Inkinga 3:"Singakwazi'Ungasebenzisi i-PVC ephinde yasetshenziswa ngoba iziqinisi zingqubuzana nezigcwalisi"

Amafektri amaningi afuna ukusebenzisa i-PVC ephinde yasetshenziswa (ukunciphisa izindleko) kodwa ayahluleka ukuhambisana: i-resin ephinde yasetshenziswa ivame ukuqukethe izitsha zokugcwalisa ezisele (isb., i-calcium carbonate) noma ama-plasticizer asabela ngeziqinisi, okubangela ukufiphala noma ukuqhekeka.

Isixazululo: Izingxube Zensipho zeMagnesium-Zinc (Mg-Zn)
Insipho yensimbi ye-Mg-Zn ihambisana kakhulu ne-PVC ephinde yasetshenziswa ngoba:

• I-Magnesium imelana nokusabela ngama-fillers afana ne-CaCO₃ noma i-talc.

• I-Zinc ivimbela ukubola kabusha kwamaketanga amadala e-PVC.

Umphumela:Ungaxuba i-PVC ephinde yasetshenziswa engu-30–50% ibe yizinqwaba ezintsha ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yikhwalithi. Isibonelo, umenzi wamapayipi osebenzisa insipho ye-Mg-Zn wehlise izindleko ze-resin eyi-virgin ngo-22% ngenkathi ehlangabezana nezindinganiso zamandla ze-ASTM.

Inkinga 4:"Imikhiqizo yethu ye-PVC yangaphandle iyaqhekeka noma iphele ezinyangeni eziyi-6"

I-PVC esetshenziselwa amapayipi engadini, ifenisha yangaphandle, noma i-siding idinga ukumelana ne-UV kanye nesimo sezulu. Izithambisi ezijwayelekile ziyawohloka ngaphansi kwelanga, okuholela ekugugeni ngaphambi kwesikhathi.

Isixazululo: Inhlanganisela Yensipho Yensimbi Engajwayelekile Ye-Calcium-Zinc + Rare Earth
Engeza i-lanthanum engu-0.3–0.6% noma i-cerium stearate (insipho yensimbi engavamile) ku-Ca-Zn blend yakho. Lokhu:

• Munca imisebe ye-UV ngaphambi kokuba yonakalise ama-molecule e-PVC.

• Yandisa isikhathi sokuphila ngaphandle kusukela ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kuya eminyakeni emithathu nangaphezulu.

Ukuwina Izindleko:Insipho yomhlaba engavamile ibiza kancane kunezinciphisi ze-UV ezikhethekile (isb., ama-benzophenones) kuyilapho zinikeza ukusebenza okufanayo.

Inkinga 5:"Senqatshwe ngabathengi be-EU ngenxa yezimpawu ze-lead/cadmium"

Imithethonqubo yomhlaba wonke (REACH, RoHS, California Prop 65) iyakwenqabela izinsimbi ezisindayo ku-PVC. Ukushintshela ku-organotin kuyabiza, kodwa insipho yensimbi inikeza okunye okuhambisanayo.

Isixazululo: Zonke Izingxube Zensipho Zensimbi (Azikho Izinsimbi Ezinzima)

•I-Ca-Zn, I-Ba-Zn, futhiInsipho ze-Mg-Znazinawo wonke ama-lead/cadmium angu-100%.

• Zihlangabezana nezindinganiso ze-REACH Annex XVII kanye ne-US CPSC—ezibalulekile ezimakethe zokuthumela kwamanye amazwe.

Ubufakazi:Umkhiqizi wamafilimu e-PVC waseShayina ushintshe kusuka kusawoti we-lead waya kunsipho ye-Ca-Zn futhi waphinde wakwazi ukufinyelela emakethe ye-EU zingakapheli izinyanga ezi-3, wandisa ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngo-18%.

Ingxenye 2: Indlela Izinzisi Zensipho Yensimbi Ezinciphisa Ngayo Izindleko (Amasu Amathathu Angasetshenziswa)

Izinzisi ngokuvamile zakha u-1-3% wezindleko zokukhiqiza i-PVC—kodwa ukukhetha okubi kungaphinda kabili izindleko ngokulahla, ukulungisa kabusha, noma izinhlawulo. Insipho yensimbi yenza ngcono izindleko ngezindlela ezintathu ezibalulekile:

1Izindleko Zokusebenzisa Izinto Ezingavuthiwe (Kufika ku-30% Ezishibhile Kune-Organotin)

• Izithambisi ze-Organotin zibiza u-$8–$12/kg; insipho yensimbi ye-Ca-Zn ibiza u-$4–$6/kg.

• Embonini ekhiqiza amathani ayi-10,000 e-PVC ngonyaka, ukushintshela ku-Ca-Zn konga ~$40,000–$60,000 ngonyaka.

• Icebiso: Sebenzisa insipho yensimbi “exutshwe ngaphambilini” (abahlinzeki baxuba i-Ca-Zn/Ba-Zn ngenqubo yakho ethile) ukuze ugweme ukuthenga ngokweqile iziqinisi eziningi ze-single-component stabilizers.

2. Nciphisa Amanani Okusaphazeka ngo-15–25%

Ukuqina okungcono kokushisa kanye nokuhambisana kwezinsipho zensimbi kusho ukuthi zimbalwa izinhlayiya ezinephutha. Isibonelo:

• Ifektri yamapayipi e-PVC esebenzisa izingcezu zensipho ze-Ba-Zn ezisikiwe kusukela ku-12% kuya ku-7% (konga ~ $25,000 ngonyaka nge-resin).

• Umenzi wephansi we-vinyl osebenzisa insipho ye-Ca-Zn wasusa amaphutha “onqenqemeni oluphuzi”, wanciphisa isikhathi sokusebenza kabusha ngo-20%.

Indlela Yokulinganisa:Landelela amazinga okulahlwa inyanga eyodwa ngesiqinisi sakho samanje, bese uhlola ingxube yensipho yensimbi—izimboni eziningi zibona ukuthuthuka emavikini ama-2.

3. Lungiselela Isilinganiso (Sebenzisa Okuncane, Thola Okuningi)

Insipho yensimbi isebenza kahle kakhulu kuneziqinisi zendabuko, ngakho ungasebenzisa amanani amancane:

• Usawoti we-lead udinga u-2–3% wesisindo se-resin; izingxube ze-Ca-Zn zidinga u-1–1.5% kuphela.

• Kokusebenza okungamathani angu-5,000 ngonyaka, lokhu kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-stabilizer ngamathani angu-5–7.5 ngonyaka ($20,000–37,500 ekongeni).

Icebo Lokuhlola Umthamo:Qala ngensipho yensimbi engu-1%, bese ukhuphula ngo-0.2% uze ufinyelele umgomo wakho wekhwalithi (isb., akukho ukuphuzi ngemva kwemizuzu engama-30 ku-190°C).

Ingxenye 3: Indlela Yokukhetha Isiqinisi Sensipho Sensimbi Esifanele (Umhlahlandlela Osheshayo)

Akuzona zonke izinsipho zensimbi ezilinganayo—fanisa ingxube nohlobo lwakho lwe-PVC kanye nenqubo:

Icebiso Lokugcina: Hlanganyela Nomhlinzeki Wakho Ukuze Uthole Izingxube Ezilungiselelwe Ngokwezifiso

Iphutha elikhulu elenziwa yizimboni ukusebenzisa insipho yensimbi “efanela wonke umuntu”. Cela umhlinzeki wakho we-stabilizer ukuthi akunike:

• Ingxube eyenzelwe izinga lokushisa lakho lokucubungula (isib., i-zinc ephezulu yokukhipha okungu-200°C).

• Izitifiketi zokuthobela imithetho zenkampani yangaphandle (i-SGS/Intertek) ukuze kugwenywe izingozi zomthetho.

• Amasampula ezingxenye (50–100kg) ukuze ahlolwe ngaphambi kokukhuliswa.

Iziqinisi zensipho yensimbi aziyona nje "inketho ephakathi nendawo" - ziyisisombululo esihlakaniphile sabakhiqizi be-PVC abakhathele ukukhetha phakathi kwekhwalithi, ukuthobela imithetho, kanye nezindleko. Ngokufanisa ingxube efanele nenqubo yakho, uzonciphisa imfucuza, ugweme izinhlawulo, futhi ugcine izinzuzo ziphilile.

Ukulungele ukuhlola ingxube yensipho yensimbi? Beka amazwana ngohlelo lwakho lokusebenza lwe-PVC (isb., “i-rigid pipe extrusion”) bese sizokwabelana ngefomula enconywayo!

Le bhulogi inikeza izinhlobo ezithile zensipho yensimbi, izindlela zokusebenza ezisebenzayo, kanye nedatha yokonga izindleko yabakhiqizi be-PVC. Uma udinga ukulungisa okuqukethwe kohlelo oluthile lwe-PVC (njengesikhumba sokwenziwa noma amapayipi) noma wengeze imininingwane yobuchwepheshe eyengeziwe, zizwe ukhululekile ukungazisa.